Background and objective: Slow– paced students with Down syndrome often have language deficits that acquire a reading challenge. Sight word instruction of daily living skills is a method of intervention that benefits students with severe disabilities who have not achieved literacy. Slow– paced (intellectual disability) students with Down syndrome can use from instruction in functional reading that enhances their daily living. A vital feature of the functional curriculum involves a curriculum focused on skills needed to function in adult life. Thus, a functional curriculum is multifaceted and typically considered to be composed of the following components: functional academics, vocational education, community access, daily living, financial, independent living, transportation, social/relationships, and self– determination. In the absence of implementing educational programs adapted to the abilities based on students’ needs and differences of them decrease the beneficial effect. In addition to the fact that school learning will not be carried out properly, the consequences would be such as incur high costs without satisfying results, passing of the golden age of student learning, will reduce the motivation of teachers, students and parents to learn less than expected. Through research conducted by Afrooz and his colleagues, more than 50% of offenders were people who had been selected due to learning difficulties and lack of proper training. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of instruction functional reading texts on reading skills of slow– paced (intellectual disability) students with Down syndrome by using family– centered Individualized education program approach. Methods: The research method was semi– experimental with pretest– posttest one with the control group. The statistical population of all slow– paced students with Down syndrome was from Hamedan city (west of Iran), who studied in exceptional schools in the academic year 2016– 17. The sample consisted of 20 slow– paced students with Down syndrome, which was selected by purposive sampling method. Then, they randomly divided into two experimental (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. Data collected by researcher– made reading tests used. Content validity was used to determine the validity of the test, and the percentage of agreement was used to assess its reliability. In the end, the results analyzed in two levels of descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, standard deviation, . . . ) and analytical statistics (Kolmogorov– Smirnov Test, Levine Test, Test of Homogeneity of Variances and Analysis of Covariance). Results: Results by analysis of covariance showed that of instruction functional reading texts by using family– centered Individualized education program approach had a significant effect on the accuracy, speed, and comprehension of readings of Slow– paced students (p<0. 001). Besides, its impact on reading speed was more significant than reading accuracy and reading comprehension (p<0. 001). Conclusions: The findings showed that the instruction functional reading texts by using family– centered Individualized education program approach increases the reading performance of slow– paced students with Down syndrome.

The aim of this essay is to study the position of "Individualized teaching" in Iran's history of education. The analytic-descriptive method is used to study "Individualized teaching," one of the modern methods of teaching, by studying its historical antecedents and drawing future perspectives. The conclusions show that based on Iran's past education environment, "Individualized teaching" has the most important and effective position in education. Thus, according to these experiences, using this method can provide opportunity for removing some defects of the educational system.

Abstract Intuition is one of the characteristics of entrepreneurs and an important factor in the decision-making processes of entrepreneurs. In recent years, at the same time as the development of entrepreneurship as an interdisciplinary science, intuition and providing different definitions of it have not been noticed by researchers and researchers in this field, and many researches have not been written in this field. This is despite the fact that in other fields of humanities, especially management (with which entrepreneurship is closely related), basic sciences and even medical sciences, there is a suitable background and theoretical literature about this. On the other hand, it seems that the theoretical and epistemological foundations of this concept have not been researched as much as necessary in the few researches that have been conducted, and very little research has been done in this field. In this article, firstly, the definitions and researches about intuition are reviewed, and secondly, the little researches that have been done in entrepreneurship and its relationship with other sciences are discussed.

education is a continually developing activity, it shapes the way an individual develops their attitudes, thoughts and behavior. education is not just about being literate but it is an overall development of the person in every aspect of their lives. A society's educational system can be greatly linked to its culture as the culture that one is in have an affect on the type of curriculum the institutions will develop in order to cater to every individual of that particular culture. education moulds and shapes a society and it is influenced by the culture of the particular country or society. The educational system acts as a point of reference for the society's needs and demands. The principles that dominate this article is culture and education are interrelated and interconnected. Every educational paradigm is influenced by the culture of the society in which it operates. This essay underlines the extensive connection between culture and education. As a result, the goal of this essay is to depict these features from a Philosophical-Psychological Approach.